Frequently Asked Questions

Reading : as of 2025, Writing: as of 2027, for some as of 2028

On federal level, as of 1000€ it already is. Regional authorities have the following deadlines

Information may not be accurate:

ZUGFeRD/Factur-X are ordinary PDF files, some readers may signal e.g. with a disclaimer on a blue background that it’s a PDF/A file, which may be a hint, but the "smoking gun" is a embedded .XML file like factur-x.xml, ZUGFeRD-invoice.xml, zugferd-invoice.xml or xrechnung.xml. Embedded files may be shown as "paperclip" symbol, unfortunately some PDF readers like web browsers don’t support embedded files.

If you want to check a local directory structure you can e.g. use the open source Mustangproject commandline "metrics" feature. Unfortunately, to this day no study is known to elaborate on the market share of ZUGFeRD/Factur-X invoices, i.e. which percentage of PDF invoices on average contain ZUGFeRD/Factur-X data.

For B2G and B2B both EN16931-2 XML formats, UBL and CII, are eligible, for B2B you can additionally use CII based ZUGFeRD/Factur-X.

Why UBL and CII is explained in EN16931-2, https://www.beuth.de/de/technische-regel/din-cen-ts-16931-2/274991011 why CII developed in the first place after UBL is explained on https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/download.php/57887/UBL%20and%20CEFACT%20update%20-%2020160407.pdf and that Factur-X is allowed has been laid down in https://www.dstv.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/BMF_2023-0922192-R.pdf

Theoretically yes, but there is currently only one open source Java library which only converts in only one direction, from CII to UBL

There are validators which will check for syntax and algorithmic correctness, apart from proprietary also some open-sourced

For semantic correctness you may want to refer to a viewer

The sender

In germany, in one word: GoBD. There are Principles for the proper keeping and storage of books,records and documents in electronic form and for data access

Grundsätze zur ordnungsmäßigen Führung und Aufbewahrung von Büchern, Aufzeichnungen und Unterlagen in elektronischer Form sowie zum Datenzugriff.

Which requires

Please note that the process documentation example for paper-replacing scans Muster-Verfahrensdokumentation zum ersetzenden Scannen is only a part of the complete process documentation of which you will find an example in the Muster-Verfahrensdokumentation für Belegablage

Kosit, the authority for government invoices, so to speak, has joined the EDI network Peppol and discontinued the existing API access to the ZRE.

This means that the only way to submit government invoices in Germany is completely automated is via Peppol. You not only still have to address the Peppol invoice to the correct portal to the correct portal, you also have to register with each portal beforehand (at least automated) beforehand.

XRechnung is defined for UBL and UN/CEFACT, but ZUGFeRD itself in the XRechnung reference profile is exclusively a UN/CEFACT format. In the review, the corresponding mention (section 3.2.4 on p. 13) was considered sufficient. was considered sufficient.

<a href="https://www.beuth.de/de/technische-regel/din-cen-ts-16931-2/274991011">EN16931-2</a> mentions "2016b" of <a href="https://unece.org/trade/uncefact/xml-schemas">Cross Industry Invoice</a> CII or UBL 2.1, ZUGFeRD 2.x (2.3.1 is the newest) and <a href="https://xeinkauf.de/xrechnung/">XRechnung</a> 3.0.1 (updates once a year) are compliant to the new B2B rules. Please note that ZUGFeRD 2.x equals Factur-X 1.x. ZUGFeRD version 1 has never been officially deprecated but is likely to be discontinued and it’s not compliant to EN16931, so neither usable for B2G invoices nor for B2B invoices in the future.

In Germany, if you are a company, you will have to check and use XML (source https://www.dstv.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/BMF_2023-0922192-R.pdf) and archive also at least XML (GoBD page 30, §9.1 Maschinelle Auswertbarkeit). As customer, you can decide if you check&use XML or PDF. However, and despite the spec says the contents should be identical, due to possible fraud please do not check e.g. only the PDF and then pay the XML version. Unfortunately, if you wanted to auto detect deviations you need OCR and a invoice recognition and your results will most likely not be perfect. Hoewever, if you receive by email, unless there is any invoice related information in the email text (like "as agreed on the phone just pay half of it") you usually have no obligation to archive the email.

https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-en-16931-1/327729047

There are different types range of Continous Transaction Control (CTC) systems, in german called VAT reporting system types (Umsatzsteuer-Meldesystem) (cf Kollmann https://www.pagero.com/downloads/documents/compliance/Next_Generation_Model-Decentralised_CTC_and_Exchange_v1.pdf p.6: Italy is Centralized Clearance, EU~France is EESPA, i.e. Decentralized CTC and Exchange) and Germany is already trying to become compatible with the future European system with the requirement to use EN16931. European system.

Italy https://ec.europa.eu/cefdigital/wiki/download/attachments/68331443/CEF%20eInvoicing_2018-12-04%20Stanziale%20-%20Brussels%20%285%29.pdf

France https://www.edicomgroup.com/en_US/news/13617-france-prepares-for-mandatory-b2b-e-invoicing.html

Germany https://www.verband-e-rechnung.org/pdfs/VeR-Studie_Clearance_2020.pdf

With the EU draft directive Vat in the Digital Age (ViDA) is being worked on, at least as far as cross-border transactions are concerned.

And ViDA wants to build on the B2G e-invoicing standard EN16931.

Usually not. E.g. using validators you may be able to confirm the invoice is calculated correctly but you can only book automatically (german: Dunkelbuchung) in ideal circumstances: e.g. if you already entered the order in your system and you have confirmation about the incoming goods in your system and the invoice refers to the order you will be able to confirm that the invoice also matches your order. Together with whitelisted bank details in this case you can probably pay and book automatically.

ZUGFeRD was once called Central User Guide Forum Electronic Invoice Germany (Zentraler User Guide Forum elektronische Rechnung Deutschland). The ``ZUG'' in the name was possibly a tribute to the MUG, the Message User Group, which developed CWA and thus defined which subset of CII, for example, is important for European use: VAT, for example is important for European use: VAT, for example, yes, North American sales tax, for example, no. The international name became Factur-X. For historical reasons Factur-X 1 was released when ZUGFeRD had just reached version 2, ZUGFeRD 2 therefore corresponds to Factur-X 1.

After Order-X and after the start but before the completion of the work (on delivery bills, called Deliver-X), ZUGFeRD became a format family: the term The term changed to the plural, Zentrale User Guides Forum elektronische Rechnung Deutschland, the abbreviation remained.

§6.4.3.1.1

real commercial credit note: any non-380 type code, no minus BUT cancellation invoice (and that’s what 90% mean by credit note): negative quantity→negative price, negative VAT so practically everything Minus. Typecode for cancellation invoice I mean 384, there is an official ZUGFeRD example.

EN16931-1 explains §6.5.12 that sums are rounded to two decimals, the line total, tax amount, amount due. The number of decimals for Prices and Quantity is defined in ISO15000 appendix B "Amount" type.

A colleague mentioned "decimal" Chapter 3.2.3 at https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/ to be significant, which seems to be a 18-digit number, not neccessarily a floating point number. Floating point numbers could introduce other issues like with comparison, arithmetrics or their FAQ.

Public review 1 https://www.ferd-net.de/aktuelles/meldungen/public-review-des-entwurfs-fuer-order-x-hat-begonnen-und-laeuft-bis-ende-september-2020.html

I have tried to list all source solutions on this page

The name of the embedded file is ZUGFeRD-invoice.xml for ZF1 and zugferd-invoice.xml, factur-x.xml or xrechnung.xml for ZF2. And the root element is CrossIndustryDocument for ZF1 and CrossIndustryInvoice for ZF2.

ZUGFeRD/Factur-X is always CII while XRechnung can be UBL or CII. Content-wise the XRechnung asks for

Schema, Schematron, Samples, Spec, Reference and Codelists are available via the ZF Infopaket https://www.ferd-net.de/ZUGFeRD-Download

The possible Attribute values are shared between UBL and CII, 18 of ~20 lists are also separately available in version 12 here.

The calculation of electronic invoices is standardized within the framework of EN16931-1 which can be obtained free of charge online, in Germany in the shop of the store of the DIN-affiliated Beuth publishing house.

As far as I know, quantities and prices may have four digits (see theFactur-X specification 1.0.50, section 7.1.5), the item must be rounded to two-digit sums be rounded to two-digit totals - and the sum of the items with the sameitems with the same VAT rate leads to the two-digit VAT amount for this rate.VAT amount for this rate. See also EN16931-1 chapter 6.5.12, where, interestingly, net prices are quoted in two digits.

It’s about the item attributes

IssuerAssignedID, i.e. the order, is only available on item level in extended, i.e. different items can refer to different orders. The official example is EXTENDED_InnergemeinschLieferungMehrereBestellungen.pdf from the ZUGFeRD Infopaket.

Factur-X 1.0.50 is the French and international name of ZUGFeRD2.1 The Factur-X file name (factur-x.xml) and metadata (RDF metadatawith the namespace prefix "fx") are preferred since ZUGFeRD 2.1.

ZUGFeRD/Factur-X is based on PDF/A is a subset of PDF. While the PDF spec is freely available PDF/A is defined in ISO 19000-5, it is

compared to PDF. Self contained e.g. means it lacks the feature of referencing external fonts, i.e. all fonts have to be embedded in the document.

In contrast to ordinary PDF, there are only two clearly defined ways to embed and hence extract embedded files (flat and tree).

There are PDF/A validators like the open-source Verapdf.

An especially wild example of usual non-PDF/A-PDF is Proof of concept or get the fuck out of here 0x16 which is "valid" "as a PDF document, a ZIP archive, and a Bash script that runs a Python webserver which hosts Kaitai Struct’s WebIDE which, allowing you to view the file’s own annotated bytes".

Apart from Stackoverflow there is